Ano ang DYSLEXIA, DYSGRAPHIA, DISCALCULIA | Specific Learning Disorders | Cause & Treatment | AbPsy
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00:00.0
Hello humans! At welcome ulit sa Abnormal Psychology series
00:03.5
So pasensya na medyo natagalan kasi medyo may pinagkabisyan lang
00:06.6
Pero well, nagbabalik ako ulit ngayon
00:09.2
At ngayon naman pag-usapan natin yung specific learning disorder
00:13.3
na mas kilalaan sa tawag na dyslexia, dysgraphia, or dyscalculia
00:17.4
depende kung saan nahihirapan yung isang studyante o isang kliyente
00:20.6
Kaya huwag na natin patagalin, roll na natin yung intro
00:23.1
So para mas maunaman natin kung ano nga ba ang specific learning disorder
00:32.3
eh pag-usapan muna natin kung ano ang pinagkaiba ng IQ sa academic performance
00:36.9
Kasi ang specific learning disorders, contrary to popular belief
00:40.7
it's not a problem of intelligence but it's a problem of academic skills
00:44.9
So ang IQ or intelligence quotient or in general yung intelligence
00:49.3
is yung capacity ng isang tao to process information sa kanyang utak
00:53.6
para ma-resolve ba yung mga pang-araw-araw nyong problema
00:56.5
Meanwhile, ang academic performance naman is, well, yung performance mo sa akadim
01:02.4
Basically, yung grades mo sa school
01:04.5
So ang grades sa school and ang intelligence is correlated sila
01:07.6
meaning kapag mataas ang intelligence ng isang tao
01:09.9
usually mataas din yung academic performance nya
01:13.1
But of course, correlation does not mean causation
01:15.9
So ibig sabihin eh hindi intelligence ang nagkakos sa academic performance ng isang tao
01:21.9
Parang in other words, eh hindi laging tugma yung IQ sa academic performance
01:27.2
So makikita natin yan sa mga pang-araw-araw nating encounters with other people
01:31.0
Parang meron tayong kilalang isang tao na hindi gano'n kagaling in terms of academics
01:35.7
pero alam natin na sobrang talino niya kasi sa mga ibang bagay
01:38.9
like for example, sa diskarte, minsan sa mga relationships, sa mga pagkipagtungo niya sa ibang tao
01:44.7
eh napaka-high skill niya, napaka-high intelligence niya pagdating doon
01:48.5
And then, meron din tayong makikita yung mga ibang tao na sobrang galing in terms of academics
01:52.7
pero sa ibang sides ng buhay na nangangailangan ng ibang kinds of intelligence
01:56.5
katulad sa relationships or pagya-jowa, eh medyo sumasablay sila, di ba?
02:02.2
Pero hindi naman masyado nagkakalay
02:03.5
Binigay ko sabihin yung mga taong mataas ang academic performance
02:06.0
eh relatively speaking eh mas mataas naman
02:08.0
or mataas naman yung chance nila for success compared sa mga nagdadrop sa school
02:13.0
But of course, wag nyong isasama si Mark Zuckerberg
02:15.3
dahil si Mark Zuckerberg at si Bill Gates, mga outliers sa mga yan
02:19.0
Pero normally speaking, di ba?
02:21.3
Hindi nalalayo sa IQ tsaka sa academic performance
02:25.6
Ngayon, sa mga taong may specific learning disorder, yung discrepancy na yun is sobrang laki
02:30.8
So normally, malapit lang, no?
02:32.8
Kung yung IQ niya is nasa 100, yung kanyang academic performance is nasa 80
02:37.3
Hindi na masyadong lalayo
02:39.0
Sa mga taong may specific learning disorder naman eh sobrang layo, no?
02:42.6
In statistical terms, two standard deviations yung layo ng kanilang IQ sa kanilang academic performance
02:49.6
So yun actually yung lumang diagnostic method para sa specific learning disorder
02:54.9
Pero nowadays, yung diagnostic method nila is basically ikocompare lang yung bata sa ibang bata
03:00.9
in terms of their academic skills
03:02.9
Ngayon, kung sobrang layo, no?
03:04.9
ng performance ng bata na to sa normal, eh dun pwede siyang i-diagnose with specific learning disorder
03:09.9
Pero conceptually, same pa rin sila
03:12.2
Sobrang layo ng IQ score sa academic performance score ng isang bata
03:17.2
So, bakit nangyayari yun?
03:19.2
Bakit sobrang laki ng pagitan ng intelligence at ng academic performance?
03:24.2
So, ang main reason is that yung mga taong may specific learning disorder
03:28.2
eh nagkakaroon sila ng difficulty sa mga academic skills na kailangan para tumaas yung scores nila
03:35.2
para tumaas yung academic performance nila
03:37.2
So, ang mga skills na to is yung reading, expression of ideas through writing
03:41.5
and then, of course, yung pinaka-favorite ng lahat is yung mathematics
03:45.5
So, kapag ang isang tao, no matter how intelligent, gano'ng katalino yung taong ito
03:50.5
kung hindi niya mamamaster yung academic skills of reading, writing, and even doing mathematical processes
03:57.5
eh talagang hindi siya papasa sa academic standards na meron yung mga schools
04:02.5
So, ang tendency, eh bababa talaga yung grades niya
04:05.5
So, yan ang specific learning disorder
04:07.8
It's a problem with skills and not intelligence
04:16.8
So, according sa DSM-5, ang specific learning disorder is having difficulty with academic skills for at least 6 months
04:22.8
and pwede itong magmanifest dun nga sa mga namention na mga academic skills
04:26.8
So, kung ang difficulty ay sa reading, eh pwede itong magmanifest sa pagkakaroon ng problema sa pagrecognize ng mga words
04:32.8
also known as dyslexia
04:34.1
Pwede rin itong magmanifest as difficulty sa pagbigas or pagbasa ng mga words
04:39.1
also known as difficulty in fluency
04:41.1
and then lastly, pwede rin siyang magmanifest as difficulty sa pagintindi ng binabasa nila
04:47.1
also known as difficulty in comprehension
04:49.1
Kasi nga naman, kung parts pa lang ng binabasa nila, which is yung words, eh hindi na nila naintindihan
04:53.1
paano pa nila maintindihan yung full picture or yung full paragraph kung gano'n yung case
04:59.4
And of course, kung nairapan sila sa expression of ideas through writing,
05:02.4
nagmamanifest yan as difficulty in grammar, difficulty in punctuation marks
05:07.4
meron din silang difficulty sa spelling kapag ganito yung case
05:10.4
And lastly of course, kung nairapan naman sila sa kanilang mathematical abilities
05:14.4
pwede itong magmanifest as having difficulty sa number sense
05:18.4
kung baga hindi nila nag-grasp yung concept ng bilang kung ano ba yung isa sa dalawa
05:23.4
and then pwede rin itong magmanifest as problems sa pagmemorize ng arithmetic functions
05:28.7
So kung baga parang naihirapan silang mag-grasp yung idea or yung concept ng pagdadagdag or pagbabawas
05:33.7
And then lastly of course, hindi rin nila maa-apply yung concept ng mathematics sa real world
05:39.7
And bago nyo i-diagnose yung sarili nyo as having dyscalcula, kaya kayo nag humanities major,
05:43.7
you have to remember na sa dyscalcula, as in zero talaga yung number sense nila
05:49.7
So kung kayo nakakapagbilang kayo ng 1 to 100 and alam nyo paano mag-add at mag-subtract
05:54.7
and i-apply ito sa real world, wala kayong dyscalcula
05:58.0
Ayaw lang talaga natin sa algebra
06:00.5
Kasi nga naman, di ba, nananimik yung X and Y, yung mga letters, mga alphabet,
06:04.0
tapos i-sasama natin sila sa numbers, di ba?
06:06.0
Ano ba problema nyo?
06:08.0
But anyway, so you get the point
06:10.0
So same with other neurodevelopmental disorders,
06:12.0
nag-umpisa to at an early age
06:14.0
And kapag hindi ito na-detect or naagapan ng maaga,
06:17.0
eh pwede itong pauwi sa pagkakaroon ng sobrang babang self-esteem
06:21.0
And ang mababang self-esteem, may associated of course yan sa depression and anxiety
06:25.0
kung hindi siya maa-address
06:27.3
Pero before natin pag-usapan kung ano ba yung mga pwede natin gawin
06:30.3
para matulungan yung mga taong may SLD,
06:32.3
eh pag-usapan muna natin kung ano yung mga potential causes
06:35.3
ng specific learning disorder
06:42.3
So as a neurodevelopmental disorder, of course,
06:45.3
malaking factor yung biology as a cause ng specific learning disorder
06:49.3
So genes ang isa sa mga pinaka-cause ng specific learning disorder
06:52.3
but of course, di natin alam kung anong specific genes
06:55.6
kasi sobrang dami ng genes na involved sa learning
06:57.6
but we know na genetic siya kasi namamana yung disorder na ito
07:01.6
Some parts din ng brain ay involved sa disorder na ito,
07:04.6
particularly yung mga parts sa left hemisphere
07:06.6
because yung left hemisphere ng brain natin
07:08.6
is involved sa language and logical thinking natin
07:12.6
So sinasabi ng mga eksperto na sa mga tao may dyslexia,
07:15.6
eh may problema daw sa kanilang Broca's area
07:17.6
So yung Broca's area kasi yan yung responsible sa pagpaproduce ng speech
07:22.6
and of course, sa interpretation ng words
07:24.9
Another area sa left hemisphere ng brain natin
07:26.9
is yung intraparietal sulcus
07:28.9
na involved yan sa number sense natin
07:31.9
So sinasabi na sa mga tao may dyscalcula,
07:33.9
eh may problem daw sa part ng brain na ito
07:36.9
Regarding naman sa problem sa expression ng ideas through words,
07:40.9
eh wala pa silang nakikita ng neurological cause
07:42.9
or any brain parts na involved dito
07:46.9
So napaka-biological ng learning disorder,
07:48.9
pero nakakabigla kasi hindi biological
07:52.2
yung treatment na ginagamit sa mga tao may SLD
07:55.2
So ano nga ba yung treatment na binibigay
07:57.2
sa mga tao na nakakaranas ito?
08:04.2
So ang treatment na binibigay sa mga batang
08:06.2
may specific learning disorders
08:08.2
is basically educational intervention
08:10.2
na special and intense
08:13.2
So basically ang goal dito is matutuwan silang
08:15.2
kung paano magbasa, magsulat
08:17.2
or gumawa ng mga mathematical problems
08:19.5
on their own way and at their own pace
08:22.5
kumbaga tututukan talaga sila
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hanggang sa matutunan nila yung mga konsepto
08:26.5
So isang approach na ginagamit to deal with SLD
08:29.5
is yung tinatawag nating direct instruction
08:31.5
na kung saan binibigyan ng systematic instruction yung mga bata
08:34.5
So pinagsasama-sama yung mga bata
08:36.5
according to their skill level
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and then tuturuan sila for mastery
08:40.5
as in talagang tututukan sila,
08:42.5
hindi sila titigilan hanggat hindi nilang natutunan
08:45.5
yung mga skills na kailangan nila
08:47.8
Pina-assess din sila from time to time
08:49.8
para matarget yung mga kailangan nilang i-improve
08:51.8
and of course para baguhin yung approach
08:53.8
if everman parang hindi nagiging effective
08:55.8
yung current approach para sa kanila
08:57.8
Depende of course sa progress ng bata
08:59.8
So baka curious ang iba
09:01.8
tapos itanong nila,
09:02.8
eh sir, di ba napaka-biological
09:04.8
ng cause ng learning disorder
09:06.8
so paano ito na-address ng educational intervention lang?
09:08.8
Well, research suggests
09:10.8
na yung mga taong may specific learning disorders
09:13.8
na nag-undergo sa mga educational
09:16.1
intensive training nila
09:18.1
is may literal na nagbabago
09:20.1
sa neurological makeup nila
09:22.1
So in other words, literal na nagbabago
09:24.1
yung wiring ng brain nila
09:26.1
once na nag-undergo na sila
09:28.1
ng special training nga nila
09:30.1
without the help of any medication
09:32.1
So yung medication kasi nire-reserve lang yan
09:34.1
para sa mga cases na kung saan
09:36.1
comorbid yung ADHD with specific learning disorder
09:38.4
So same with other neurodevelopmental disorder
09:40.4
katulad ng autism and ADHD
09:42.4
early detection and early intervention
09:46.4
para dito sa disorder na ito
09:48.4
The more na matidelay ang treatment
09:50.4
the more na magiging malala
09:52.4
yung magiging potential ng outcome nito
09:54.4
pag tumanda yung bata
09:56.4
Fortunately, kasama sa bagong kurikulum
09:58.4
ng mga eduk majors or ng mga elementary teachers
10:00.4
yung pagdidetect sa mga specific learning disorder
10:02.4
So kasi yung mga eduk majors
10:04.4
or mga elementary teachers
10:06.7
yung mga specific learning disorder
10:08.7
So kapag na-detect na nila, of course, pwede nila lang
10:10.7
i-report sa kanila mga parents
10:12.7
and then hopefully ay mabigyan sila ng karampatang treatment
10:14.7
Nakakalungkot nga lang isipin
10:16.7
na minsan yung mga batang may SLD
10:18.7
na pagsasabihin sila ng mga hindi kaaya-aya
10:20.7
yung mga adjectives
10:22.7
So minsan nasasabihin sila na bubo sila
10:24.7
na parang wala silang kuwenta and so on
10:26.7
When in fact, hindi naman sila
10:28.7
nagkakaroon lang sila ng difficulty sa mga academic skills
10:30.7
Pero in general, they can perform
10:32.7
just as well as other people
10:34.7
provided na makututunan nga nila yung
10:36.7
mga reading, writing, and mathematical skills
10:38.7
Yung nga lang, syempre, kapag hindi sila
10:40.7
na-diagnose, pwede nilang ma-internalize
10:42.7
yung mga name-calling na ginagawa
10:44.7
sa kanila to the point na
10:46.7
sobrang bababa yung self-esteem nila
10:48.7
Parang feeling nila wala silang kuwenta
10:50.7
kasi hindi sila makapag-perform
10:52.7
just as the same with other children
10:54.7
and so on. So yung mababang
10:56.7
self-esteem na ito, pwede nila itong dalhin
10:58.7
hanggang sa kanilang pagtanda
11:00.7
and of course, yung pagbaba ng self-esteem
11:02.7
pwede mauwi yan sa depression
11:04.7
or anxiety, and even
11:06.7
sa pagkitil ng sarili nilang buhay
11:08.7
kung sobrang lalana
11:10.7
Kaya naman, napaka-importante na magkaroon
11:12.7
ng knowledge or magkaroon ng awareness
11:14.7
yung general population about the specific
11:16.7
learning disorders para hindi na umabot
11:18.7
sa mga ganong kalala na mga cases
11:20.7
So, ayan, napagsapan natin yung
11:22.7
specific learning disorders
11:24.7
and sana may natutunan kayo at nag-enjoy
11:26.7
kayo, kahit na paano. So, huwag niyong kalimutang
11:28.7
i-like at i-share nyo na rin to sa mga
11:30.7
friends nyo na ayaw magbasa
11:32.7
and of course, huwag niyo rin kalimutang
11:34.7
mag-subscribe kung di pa kayo nakasubscribe
11:36.7
So, maraming salamat din sa ating mga
11:38.7
members na directly sumu-support
11:40.7
sa ating channel. So, malaking bagay yan para
11:42.7
makagawa pa tayo ng maraming psych videos
11:44.7
and kung gusto niyong
11:46.7
supportan din yung channel natin directly
11:48.7
eh pwede kayong mag-join, no? Diyan sa baba
11:50.7
click niyo lang yung join. Kung nasa
11:52.7
IOS kayo, wala yan
11:54.7
pero try niyo pa din. No?
11:56.7
Anyway, so yun muna sa ngayon
11:58.7
and as always, enjoy learning