USAPIN SA LIBEL PART 2 (Pwede bang sampahan ng cyber libel ang taong nasa ibang bansa?)
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But what if a person who posts libelous content is in another country? Can he still be charged?
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Before answering that question, let's first review a little about criminal jurisdiction.
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What is criminal jurisdiction?
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Criminal jurisdiction is the authority of a court to hear and try a particular offense and impose the punishment for it.
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Sa Tagalog, ito ang kapangyarihan ng korte na litisin ang krimen at magpataw ng kaparusahan.
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To determine criminal jurisdiction, we have to take note of the following kinds of jurisdiction.
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Una, jurisdiction over the subject matter.
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Pangalawa, jurisdiction over the place where the offense was committed.
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And pangatlo, jurisdiction over the person of the accused.
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Bakit importante po na diskasan natin yung jurisdiction?
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Kasi pag walang jurisdiction ang korte, any judgment rendered by it will be null and void,
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meaning walang visa po ang magiging hathol or ang hathol ng korte.
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Now, let us discuss the first kind of jurisdiction.
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Jurisdiction over the subject matter.
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Ang korte na tinutukoy natin dito is ang Korte ng Pilipinas.
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Sa Korte ng Pilipinas, we have what we call the hierarchy of courts.
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We have the highest court of the land, the Supreme Court.
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Then below the Supreme Court is the Court of Appeals.
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Then you also have the Court of Tax Appeals.
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Then below the Court of Appeals are the Regional Trial Courts
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and the Regional Trial Courts designated as special courts to hear certain cases like
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the Family Courts, Drug Courts, and Cybercrime Courts.
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Then the lowest courts or the so-called first-level courts are the Municipal Trial Courts,
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Municipal Trial Courts in cities.
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We also have the Municipal Circuit Trial Courts and the Metropolitan Trial Courts in the Metropolitan Manila area.
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Ang batas po ang nagsasabi or that determines which court has jurisdiction over a particular crime.
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For example, as a general rule,
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ang mga criminal offenses wherein the imposable penalty is six years and below,
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ang maglilitis po ay ang mga Municipal Trial Courts natin.
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Ang mga criminal offenses naman wherein ang imposable penalty is six years and above,
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ang mga RTCs naman or Regional Trial Courts ang maglilitis.
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Now, when we say imposable penalty, ito yung penalty prescribed by law for the offense charged.
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For example, sa crime ng homicide,
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nakalagay po sa Article 249 of the Revised Penal Code na ang penalty of imprisonment
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for the crime of homicide is reklusyon temporal,
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which has a range of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years imprisonment.
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Now, since ang penalty imposable for homicide is above six years,
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then ang korte po na may jurisdiksyon o kapangyarihan para litisin ito ay ang Regional Trial Court.
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But may mga criminal offenses po na kahit na six years and below ang imposable penalty,
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ang RTC pa rin at hindi ang Municipal Trial Court ang maglilitis.
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Gaya po ng ordinary libel na kahit below six years lang ang imposable penalty,
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ang Regional Trial Court po ang may jurisdiksyon to hear and decide
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the criminal offense of libel as provided for under Article 360 of the Revised Penal Code.
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Sa cyber libel po naman, walang kwestyon na ang RTC talaga ang maglilitis
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dahil one degree higher than ordinary libel ang penalty which is already above six years na po.
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Now, let's go to the second kind of jurisdiction that determines the criminal jurisdiction of the court.
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Ano ba yung tinutukoy ko? I'm talking about jurisdiction over the place where the offense was committed.
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Now, the rule is, a criminal case should be instituted and tried in the place where the offense was committed
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or any of its essential ingredients took place.
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Sa Tagalog po, doon sa korte ng lugar kung saan ginawa ang krimen
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o lugar kung saan nangyari ang isa sa mga elemento ng krimen, if a file ang kaso at lilitisin.
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If a criminal action is instituted in any other place where not one of the elements of the crime took place,
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then the said criminal action po will be dismissed.
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For example, in the crime of homicide, ginawa ang krimen sa Quezon City,
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alam na natin na ang korte na maglilitis ng kasong homicide is ang Regional Trial Court, di po ba?
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The question is, ang daming RTC sa Pilipinas.
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Anong RTC ba sa Pilipinas ang may kapangyarihan maglilitis sa kaso?
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Sagot, ang RTC po ng Quezon City ang may jurisdiction to hear and decide the criminal case for homicide
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sa kadahilanang sa Quezon City po nangyari ang krimen.
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Hindi po pwede sa RTC, for example RTC ng Ilocos, lilitisin ang kaso dahil hindi po doon nangyari ang krimen.
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In criminal law, venue is jurisdictional.
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Venue in criminal cases not only determines where the action must be instituted
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but also the court that has jurisdiction to try and hear the case.
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Pag doon po sa RTC ng Ilocos, lilitisin ang kaso,
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magiging null and void po ang disisyon ng korte, meaning walang visa ang judgment ng korte.
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Now, what about sa ordinary libel, meaning libel na hindi gumagamit ng internet or hindi gamit ang internet?
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Saan ba i-file at lilitisin ang kasong libel?
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Saan ba i-file at lilitisin ang kasong libel?
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Ito po ang rules of venue in actions for libel.
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So, let us first distinguish between a public official and a private person.
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But for this first rule, it makes no distinction because whether you are a public official or a private person,
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the complainant is the public official or a private person.
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Ipa-file ang kasong libel sa RTC ng lugar kung saan naimprinta at unang na-publish yung libelous na article.
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Now, kung private person ang complainant,
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meron ba siyang option na hindi niya dun i-file sa lugar kung saan unang naimprinta at na-publish or nalathala yung libelous article?
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Because kung ang complainant po is a private person,
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then doon niya ipa-file sa RTC ng lugar kung saan nakatira ang complainant
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or kung saan siya nakatira noong time na nangyari o ginawa ang krimen.
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Now, kung public officer ka at ikaw yung complainant
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at ang office mo ay nasa Manila noong time na nangyari o ginawa ang krimen,
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then pwede mo isampa ang libel sa RTC ng Manila.
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Now, public officer pa rin, ikaw yung complainant, tapos nasa labas ka ng Manila,
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pwedeng isampa ang libel sa RTC ng lugar kung saan ka nag-o-officina noong time na nangyari o ginawa ang krimen.
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What about sa cyber libel?
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Like what I said earlier, there is no question na kapag nandito lang sa Pilipinas
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ang taong nag-post ng libelous content sa social media,
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masasampahan talaga siya ng kaso dahil ang lahat ng elemento ng libel as a crime
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eh dito sa Pilipinas nangyari.
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Pero paano kapag nasa ibang bansa ang taong nag-post ng libelous content?
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Ang nangyari ko dito ay kung saan kung ang persono na nag-post ng libel sa internet
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ay nangyari sa mga bansa,
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magkakasuhan pa rin ba?
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Ang pagtatapos ay, a big yes po.
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Section 2.1 of the Rule on Cybercrime Warrants
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magkakasuhan pa rin ba?
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Ito ay magkakasuhan po sa Cybercrime Court
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Ito ay magkakasuhan po sa Cybercrime Court of the province or city
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number one, where the offense or any of its elements is committed
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or number two, where any part of the computer system used is situated
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or number three, where any of the damage caused to a natural or juridical person took place.
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The person who committed libel through the internet cannot escape criminal liability
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just because he or she happens to be in another country at the time he or she committed the offense of libel.
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For as long as the person libeled or defamed was in the Philippines
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at the time the libelous content was posted,
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the damage caused by the libelous content is deemed to have taken place here in the Philippines
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and that means may jurisdiction ang Cybercrime Court natin to hear and decide the said case.
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So dahan-dahan po tayo sa paggawa ng libelous content
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kahit nasa ibang bansa tayo dahil makakasuhan kayo at maa-arresto pagmalik nyo dito sa Pilipinas.
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In fact, nakalagay mismo sa section 21 ng RA 10175 or the Cybercrime Prevention Act of 2012
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that the Regional Trial Court shall have jurisdiction over the crime of cyber libel
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committed by a Filipino national regardless of the place of commission.
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Ano bang ibig sabihin ito?
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Kahit na nasa ibang lugar ka pero ikaw ay Filipino at ikaw ay nag-commit ng libelous content
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meron pa rin jurisdiction ang Regional Trial Court dito sa Pilipinas
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or ang mga Cybercrime Courts natin na litisin ang kaso mo
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as explicitly or expressly stated in section 21 of RA 10175.
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Now, let's discuss jurisdiction over the person of the accused.
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This is the third kind of jurisdiction.
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To repeat, jurisdiction over the person of the accused.
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It is settled na kahit nasa ibang bansa ka pwede ka pa rin masampahan ng kaso
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at pwede ka pa rin makulong kung mapapatunayan guilty
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pero hindi uusad ang kaso kapag hindi ka pa naa-aresto o nag-voluntary surrender.
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Bakit hindi uusad ang kaso?
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Hindi uusad ang kaso dahil sa kadahilan ng hindi pa po naa-acquire ng korte ang jurisdiction over your person.
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The court can only acquire jurisdiction over the person of an accused
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either by his or her arrest or voluntary appearance in court.
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Paano pag hindi na uuwi ng Pinas ang taong may kaso at inisyuhan na ng warrant of arrest?
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Mati-dismiss ba ang kaso?
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Hindi po mati-dismiss ang kaso.
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Kahit na ilang taong hindi uuwi ng Pinas ang taong nasampahan ng criminal case sa korte,
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hindi mati-dismiss ang kaso kasi hindi po mag-expire ang warrant of arrest.
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Ang mangyayari lang po is maa-archive ang kaso.
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Ang imig sabihin ng maa-archive ang kaso ay patutunugin lang muna ang kaso
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habang hindi pa naa-aresto o nag-voluntary surrender ang isang akusado.
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A criminal case will be archived if after the issuance of the warrant of arrest,
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the accused remains at large for six months.
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Pag umuwi na ng Pilipinas at na-aresto na ang akusado,
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uusad na muli ang kaso hanggang sa matapos po ang paglilitis.
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Ano ba ang katapusan ng paglilitis?
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Yung nahatula na po whether guilty or acquitted, yung akusado.
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So hanggang dito na lang po muna tayo and see you in my next video. Maraming salamat po.
